SDG Indicator 11.3.1 and Secondary Cities: An Analysis and Assessment

Secondary cities are rapidly growing areas in low- and middle-income countries that lack data, planning, essential services for sustainable development. Their rapid, informal growth patterns mean secondary often data-poor under-resourced, impacting the ability of governments to target development efforts, respond emergencies, design futures. The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 focuses on inclusive, safe, resilient, human settlements. SDG Indicator (SDGI) 11.3.1 calculates ratio land consumption rate population enhance inclusive urbanization. Our paper compares three cities—Denpasar, Indonesia; Kharkiv, Ukraine; Mekelle, Ethiopia—that were part Cities (2C) Initiative U.S. Department State, Office Geographer Global Issues assess SDGI 11.3.1. 2C focused field-based participatory mapping data generation assist city planning. Urban form critical calculating visually representing this ratio. We examine spatial extent each use efficiency (LUE) track changes urban over time. With limited demographic cities, we speculate whether is useful small- medium-sized cities.